The spring of 2024 is an appropriate moment to discuss how Europe is seen through the lens of education, but also to propose concrete actions for the European mandate 2024-2029 and the long-term future. 

European Student Forum AEGEE-Europe and MEP Victor Negrescu, Vice-Chair of the Committee on Culture and Education, organized on March 5, 2024, in the building of the European Parliament in Brussels the “Agenda 2024-2029: Education” debate. On this occasion, the AEGEE report on the perspectives of educational policies in the 2024-2029 mandate was presented.

“We have identified, over the last months, segments that require rapid development, such as digital literacy, pedagogical skills of the teachers or support to innovate education. We also analysed the impact of the twin transition in educational policies, but we also proposed new ideas, such as the development of the Erasmus beyond Europe program“, stated Kirsten Broekema, president of AEGEE-Europe.

Organizations involved in the development of educational policies, as well as representatives of the European institutions, openly discussed at the event what is realistic for the next five years from the point of view of a European education adapted to the citizen’s needs.

“The future of education is now and we need to act together. We need to boost citizenship education, tackle the skills deficit and define key areas for training and reskilling, but we also need to modernize the education system and learn how to use new technologies to support education, without leaving anyone behind. I call for the creation of a European Education Plan with financial resources to support quality of education and teacher training, and reduce early school drop-out rates. If we are seriously thinking about the future of Europe, then we must think strategically about the future of education.”, stated MEP Victor Negrescu, Vice-Chair of the Committee on Culture and Education.

The participants realized the importance of the current moment, proposing that European education occupy a central role both on the agenda of European institutions and EU member states.

The European Commission must focus their strategic priority over the period 2024-2029 on a development of European education, a new leap in this field like the one realized in the 1990s, and the idea of a Vice-President of the European Commission responsible for European education can give a clear signal to everyone. Participants to the event also welcomed the creation of a European Year for Education.

In order to give European education the necessary importance, it was suggested launching an Intergovernmental Conference in the spring of 2025 to present the integrated vision of the Member States and the EU on the educational perspective for 2040.

The full scale invasion has led to immense human suffering, the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives, including tens of thousands of civilian casualties. Since the escalation of the war, nearly 1 800 children have been killed. It has forced many millions of Ukrainian residents to flee in search of safety, creating the biggest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of the Second World War. According to UNHCR Statistics, as of the beginning of 2024, there are 3.7 million internally displaced people in Ukraine, 6.3 million people fled the country and 14.6 million are in need of humanitarian assistance. 

Since a few months, the war has reached a bloody stalemate, where neither side is gaining any significant advantage.The civilian population is still experiencing immense suffering, with no resolution to the conflict being feasible in the foreseeable future. In the last few months Russia has further intensified its attacks and is expected to escalate even more. Furthermore, ongoing investigations conducted by among others the ICC, show strong evidence of Russia committing war crimes and crimes against humanity including: torture, rape, unlawful deportation of children, targeting civilians and civilian infrastructure, executing prisoners of war, as well as many more atrocities. 

We, as young Europeans, stand united in our condemnation of this flagrant violation of international law and the basic principles of human rights and sovereignty. This aggressive act has not only led to a tragic loss of life and widespread suffering among the people living in Ukraine but has also threatened the foundations of global peace and security. We believe that Ukraine has a right to restore its borders to the state under its 1992 constitution in order to protect its citizens.

We remain to stand in solidarity with the Ukrainian youth, which was deprived of its right to education and a chance at creating their lives in peace. Young people not only represent the future, but also shape the present narrative, driving social change, and fostering peace-building efforts. This is why we believe that youth has a vital role to play in finding the resolution to the conflict. 

For the aforementioned AEGEE-Europe: 

• Condemns all attacks on civilians committed by Russia;
• Condemns in the strongest terms suffering brought on children and youth, who have been deprived of their education and a chance to live a happy, peaceful lives;
• Applauds the continued effort and commitment towards helping Ukraine, highlighting especially the role of youth and youth organisations;
• Calls for the international community, especially the EU, to strengthen its commitment towards helping Ukraine and providing necessary equipment for the defence and restoration of its sovereign territory;
• Demands continued humanitarian aid for those affected by the conflict;
• Demands strengthening the sanctions against Russia, to hold it accountable for its unjustifiable invasion;
• Hopes for the just resolution of the conflict and future peaceful coexistence of both states, while recognizing the difficult process that needs to happen in order to achieve it.

#StandWithUkraine

For our previous statements please refer to:

Statement | One month since the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam – AEGEE-Europe
Statement | One Year Since Russia’s 2022 Invasion of Ukraine – AEGEE-Europe

Sources:

https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/ukraine/ 

https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145262  

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/10/1142617 

https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/08/ukraine-new-findings-russias-devastation-mariupol 

https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2024/jan/06/russia-ukraine-war-aid-white-house-putin-zelenskiy?page=with:block-6599340a8f08640ae963b0b9 

https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/01/europe/ukraine-kyiv-mourning-new-year-intl/index.html 

https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/01/1145567 

Sustainability is part of AEGEE’s core values and it is part of our strategic plan to work towards a society that respects planetary boundaries in the fight against climate change. In this statement we want to highlight the agreements that have been reached during the 28th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties, COP 28, that was held in Dubai from November 30th to December 12th of 2023 and to raise awareness on the decisions that affect the future on Earth and whose effects might be irreversible. Thereby, we think it is important to express our opinion with regards to it.

A COP is an annual conference that takes place since 1995 and it is the supreme decision-making body from the UN Framework of Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) 1. In the conference the ratifying states or parties are represented, and they assess the effects of the measures implemented by the convention. At this COP, key climate change issues were discussed such as the first stocktake on the progress of the Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC goals of the Paris Agreement, the implementation of the loss and damage fund established in COP27, the phase out of fossil fuels before 2050, the increasing of climate finance, innovative economic strategies, and working towards adaptation. All of this, in the warmest year on record 2 and with an increasing trend on natural disasters over the last decades 3.

One of the main outcomes and achievements of COP 28 is the agreement of countries on the need to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems 4. However, there is no obligation for countries to take any specific action, there is no specific timescale and this agreement only aims at the energy supply, instead of the economy as a whole, thus disregarding other fossil intensive activities and products such as plastics or petrochemicals.

It is worth noting that fossil fuels are the main cause of global warming 5 and we are not on the way to achieve our goal of slowing the rise of temperature as shown by the first stocktake of COP Paris 2015 6, which settled to limit the rise of global temperature to 1,5 degrees higher with respect to the preindustrial times by the end of the century. But even so, progress has been made, since a commitment was made to triple the renewable energy capacity by 2030.

In the field of climate finance, wealthier nations have committed to pay 792M $ 7 to the loss and damage fund to help developing countries to treat climate change and the devastation effects of climate catastrophes. Although this is a start, it is hardly enough for the developing nations to deal with climate effects 8. Not to mention that it is not clear whether these pledges will be carried out and whether they will reach the people who really need them 9.

The need to address the implications that climate change has on health was referred to with the Health Day being held for the first time and the commitment of the Global North to pay 777M $ to combat neglected tropical diseases such as the river blindness and lymphatic filariasis 10. Besides the implementation of these funds, it was agreed to the replenishment of the Green Climate Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Adaptation Fund, and Special Climate Change Fund 11.

In AEGEE-Europe, we strive for sustainability and for a just and inclusive transformation of societies. We think there is room for improvement in the climate change conferences and we want to demand a stronger commitment to fight climate change.

A Climate summit should not be just greenwashing for nations and organisations but they must be fully committed to the agreements and do not put other interests that go against the fight on climate change first. An increase in transparency has been done yet there should be a clearer way to tackle the conflicts of interests that have been evident in this summit 12, where the COP president is the CEO of ADNOC, the United Arab Emirates’ state oil company, and the enormous presence of fossil fuel representatives and lobbyists with at least 2456 delegates, almost four times the number at COP 27, overtaking delegates from the most susceptible countries 13. Furthermore, hosting the COP in a non-democratic country, where human rights are not respected, discourages dissidence 14. Climate summits must work according to the common goals to preserve the climate, where fossil fuel companies should have a limited role, they should not influence climate policy since they can take advantage of that.

As stated by IPCC 15, it is urgent to transform the economy on a planetary level towards a circular model, based on the sustainability of all productive resources, and to change the consumption habits and lifestyle of the population, especially in developed countries. The unequal development in the different regions of the world has created the paradox that the ones that most carry the burden of the costs of climate change are the ones that contributed less to creating it.

The transition cannot wait and should not rely on carbon capture techniques 16, which are costly technologies that are not yet fully developed and might fail at a large scale as a tool to mitigate climate change 17. They are only a strategy for fossil fuel companies to delay it and not to lose their profit and their hegemonic position while repositioning themselves in the new sustainable global market. So they should not be used as an excuse or distraction to phase out fossil fuels.

We consider the aforementioned betterments essential to be able to reduce the effects of climate change, although we fully support any actions that can help us preserve the environment and do not compromise the future on earth, and we fully embrace any step that can lead to a sustainable society.

Sources

https://www.cop28.com/en/

https://unfccc.int/news/cop28-agreement-signals-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-fossil-fuel-era

https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-warm-november-consolidates-2023-warmest-year

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-natural-disaster-events

https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop

https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference

https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144742

https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/global-what-happened-at-cop28-essential-need-to-knows/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67143989

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-67704098

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/12/09/climate-change/cop28-oil-gas-presence/

https://kickbigpollutersout.org/articles/release-record-number-fossil-fuel-lobbyists-attend-cop28

https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2023/12/01-02/

https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/tackle-climate-change/climate-change-stories/cop-climate-change-conference/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67508331

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67581277

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-67701412

https://www.who.int/news/item/02-12-2023-over-40-million-health-professionals-demand-bold-health-and-climate-action-at-cop28

https://www.who.int/news/item/04-12-2023-global-partners-pledge-usd777-million-to-combat-neglected-tropical-diseases

https://healthpolicy-watch.news/first-ever-cop28-health-day-unfolds-amidst-uproar-over-cop-presidents-fossil-fuel-remarks/

https://prospect.org/environment/2023-12-12-cop-28-uae-climate-change-flop/

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/09/1217970348/what-it-means-for-an-oil-producing-country-the-uae-to-host-un-climate-talks

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/07/1217504214/a-record-number-of-fossil-fuel-reps-at-cop28-climate-talks

https://www.ciel.org/news/475-carbon-capture-lobbyists-at-cop28-exposes-fossil-fuels-grip/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67607289

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/activists-protest-against-fossil-fuel-industry-cop28-climate-summit-2023-12-05/

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/what-are-loopholes-cop28-climate-deal-2023-12-14/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67701544

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64723497

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67679734

https://www.nrdc.org/bio/joe-thwaites/cop-28-climate-fund-pledge-tracker

https://www.greenclimate.fund/news/cop28-green-climate-fund-reaches-record-funding-level

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/who-is-pledging-climate-finance-cop28-how-much-2023-12-06/

https://unfccc.int/topics/introduction-to-climate-finance

https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-cop27-loss-and-damage-fund

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/global-cop28-agreement-to-move-away-from-fossil-fuels-sets-precedent-but-falls-short-of-safeguarding-human-rights/

https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/29/cop28-opens-un-should-take-uae-task

https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/11/24/repressive-state-activists-raise-concerns-about-surveillance-and-arrest-at-cop28

https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/what-is-carbon-capture-and-storage/

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/figures/summary-for-policymakers/figure-spm-7/

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter6.pdf

https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-on-how-to-tackle-climate-change/

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf

https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/the-truth-about-carbon-capture/

https://ieefa.org/resources/carbon-capture-crux-lessons-learned

https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/carbon-capture-oil-lobby-cop28/

https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/world-cannot-meet-climate-targets-relying-carbon-capture-and-storage/

Disclaimer: Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

According to the International Organization for Migration (2023), approximately 27.600 people have lost their lives or are reported missing in the Mediterranean region since 2014, with almost 2.000 people in 2023. Drowning, violence, and lack of access to adequate health assistance or to food, water and shelter are listed among the main causes of death. Unfortunately, in 2023, there are still many unnecessary barriers for those seeking safety at the European continent’s borders. These include the erosion of the right to asylum, systemic pushbacks and mass deportations, police brutality, a slow response in the EU’s action on search and rescue missions, the criminalisation of solidarity in Europe and an increase in smuggling and human trafficking (Human Rights Watch, 2021). Once they reach the European continent, migrants held in overcrowded camps often experience inadequate living conditions and the lack of access to basic services such as health or legal assistance is heavily restricted. 

The Social Equity and Political Activism Working Groups of AEGEE-Europe organised this month an online campaign to raise awareness about the human rights violations and consequences of the European migratory laws and the migration business. They emphasised the urgent need for change in addressing such violations and the importance of standing as allies against discrimination based on place of origin. 

Over the last three years, AEGEE engaged in advocacy efforts and raising-awareness activities with relevant stakeholders to contribute to achieving meaningful change and address discrimination based on place of origin. Therefore, we urge authorities involved at the borders of Europe to take immediate action against the abuse and human rights violations in border control operations. 

We condemn the violent pushbacks, lack of response to distress calls, and the inhumane treatment and human rights violations conducted by national and European authorities at the border and in refugee camps. 

We call upon the European governments to take full responsibility for aiding migrants on the European continent, participate in search and rescue missions and fulfil their obligations under the EU and international law. 

We call upon the European countries and EU institutions to provide a concrete accountability system and put in place measures that would ensure transparency and effective investigations into search and rescue missions.

We condemn the increasing criminalisation of solidarity and we urge the European countries to eliminate the laws that criminalise those offering humanitarian assistance to migrants and refugees on their journey across Europe. 

Sources

Human Rights Watch (2021) Greece: Events of 2021, World Report 2022. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/greece (Accessed: 11 August 2023).

International Organization for Migration (2023) Data | Missing Migrants Project. Available at: https://missingmigrants.iom.int/data (Accessed: 25 July 2023).

International Rescue Committee (2023) Greek shipwreck: Everything you need to know. Available at: https://www.rescue.org/article/greek-shipwreck-everything-you-need-know (Accessed: 11 August 2023).

United Nations (2023) Save lives, UN agencies appeal, after yet another tragedy in the Mediterranean. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/08/1139622 (Accessed: 11 August 2023).

During the EYE, I had the opportunity to take part in various sessions that focused on active participation, with an emphasis on the upcoming European elections.

The plenaries I attended gave myself and other young people the space to voice our issues on many aspects of events taking place throughout the EU. I was able to even speak directly with some of our leaders and hear and learn from them. 

The EYE had many elements that focused on both personal and professional development of young people which I was able to take part in, such as learning about job opportunities and volunteering opportunities across Europe. I was able to hear directly from different organisations and NGOs and see what interested me. From this event I left feeling like I understood how our European political space works, how young people and their views influence it and how I can further be involved!

We, as AEGEE-Europe, believe that it is imperative to take comprehensive measures towards eliminating these barriers and combatting discrimination. Empowering people with disabilities should be at the core of our efforts for building an inclusive society. We must ensure that people with disabilities have equal access to public services, employment and educational opportunities. We must challenge those stereotypes and prejudices that facilitate a climate of exclusion, confront our own ableism and advocate for inclusive policies and programmes for all.  Therefore, the Social Equity Working Group called upon action during their Action Week (Instagram: @se.aegee). The campaign has shown, it is important to celebrate diversity, to cultivate empathy and understanding. People with disabilities should be embraced as equal members of society and their unique experiences should be considered. We should strive for raising awareness, promoting dialogue and facilitating a space where people with disabilities can share their stories and fully exercise their rights.

We call upon governments to:

• adapt existing legislation and enact new policy frameworks that contribute to combatting all forms of discrimination and safeguarding the rights of people with disabilities;
• ensure access to equal and quality education for all, regardless of their disability, should facilitate inclusive learning environments and promote accessibility, organise training for teachers and awareness-raising activities and materials, to combat bullying and discrimination in schools;
• work towards eliminating programmatic barriers that restrict access to health services, establishing inclusive public health systems and accommodating existing programmes to the needs of people with disabilities.

We call upon private sector representatives, in collaboration with national and local authorities to:

• work towards eliminating barriers to employment, including recruitment, training opportunities and career advancement, encourage employers to create inclusive workspaces and facilitate the recruitment of people with disabilities in all sectors.

We call upon civil society representatives, governments and individuals to:

• develop raising-awareness campaigns and events, challenge stereotypes and prejudice, celebrate people with disabilities and facilitate mutual understanding in society.

We, as AEGEEans, want to act as an idol for young Europeans to strive for the inclusion of people with disabilities in youth organisations and to fight against ableist structures.

Sources:

World Bank (2023) Disability Inclusion Overview, The World Bank. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability (Accessed: 27 June 2023).

On June 6th at 02:50, the Russian military destroyed the Nova Kakhovka dam on the Dnipro River in Kherson Oblast of Ukraine. The intentional explosion caused the structure to fail and release the water in the reservoir that was stored up to a record high of 18 m, which resulted in a catastrophic flood, releasing 18 trillion litres of water. This is a humanitarian and ecological catastrophe. Thousands of people had to be evacuated from the area already. The evacuations have been impeded by continued shelling by the Russian army. The Ukrainian authorities estimate that approximately 40.000 people are directly affected by the flooding. Multiple settlements have been completely flooded. 

Following Article 56 of Protocol I of the Geneva Convention which prohibits the deliberate destruction of “installations containing dangerous forces,” the destruction of the Nova Kakhovka dam constitutes yet another war crime of the Russian military. 

In addition to the initial impact on human life caused by the flood, the destruction of the dam leads to multiple severe ecological consequences:

Water Pollution: The floodwaters carry a range of pollutants, including sediments, chemicals, and waste materials from urban and industrial areas. This contamination poses a threat to the quality of water sources, making them unfit for human consumption and harming aquatic organisms. It can also lead to the eutrophication of water bodies, resulting in the depletion of oxygen levels and the death of fish and other aquatic life.

Crop Damage: Agricultural lands have been submerged, leading to the loss of crops and affecting food production. The floodwaters may introduce pollutants and sediments into the soil, rendering it unsuitable for future cultivation. The agricultural sector will face significant challenges in recovering from this damage, impacting food security and livelihoods.

Habitat Destruction: The floodwaters have engulfed vast areas of land, including national parks and agricultural fields. This has led to the destruction of habitats for numerous plant and animal species, disrupting their natural life cycles and potentially causing long-term damage to biodiversity.

Loss of Wildlife: The floodwaters have likely caused the displacement and loss of wildlife populations. Animals may drown or struggle to find higher ground, leading to significant mortality rates. Migratory routes and nesting sites for birds and other wildlife may be disrupted, impacting their breeding patterns and overall population dynamics.

In addition, the destruction of the dam endangers the security of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant (NPP). The water from the Dnipro River is used to cool the residual heat of spent nuclear fuel rods that need continuous cooling for multiple years to prevent radiation leaks. At the moment, the cooling is still stable due to a filled safety reservoir. However, due to the falling water level of the river, caused by the destruction of the dam, this is not a permanent solution. The NPP is occupied and militarised by Russia. 

We, as AEGEEans, believe in the human right of people to live in a peaceful, healthy and sustainable environment. We stand for the protection of people’s homes and private life, which is a prerequisite for enjoying the right to a dignified life. The catastrophic ecological consequences of Russia’s actions deprive Ukrainians of those rights. Reiterating our previous statements on the atrocities of the war, we defend the right of Ukraine to have its territories returned in order to protect the lives of civilians and restore its territorial integrity.

For all of explained above, AEGEE:

Condemns the destruction of the Nova Kakhovka dam and all other Ukrainian infrastructure by the Russian Federation.

Condemns the deliberate triggering of the humanitarian and ecological disaster by the Russian military.

Condemns the endangerment of the security of the Zaporizhzhia NPP by the Russian occupation.

We continue to support Ukraine in its efforts to bring about the complete de-occupation of all Ukrainian territories.

Sources:

https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-kakhovka-catastrophe-war-weary-ukrainians-reel-under-massive-flooding-a-b32e9e85-3430-4131-b400-9e8573033e09

This is a war of choice. Russia decided to invade Ukraine because it denied the Ukrainian people the right to make their own decisions about the political future of their country. Evidence of the actions of Russia’s military forces in Ukraine have caused the International Criminal Court to open an investigation against Russia into crimes against humanity, including war crimes.

The defensive efforts of Ukrainian forces have brought the Russian advances to a grueling halt and led to liberations in other areas. Still, Russia has brazenly annexed four regions of Ukraine in a PR-exercise marketed as referendums and continues to occupy roughly 17% of Ukraine’s territory. However, no vote could feasibly be organized within the time frame of a few days, nor could a free and fair vote be guaranteed under Russia’s hostile occupation. 

We, as young Europeans, believe that it is therefore right and just that all Ukrainian territories, as recognized under its 1992 constitution, be returned to Ukraine in order to protect the lives of civilians and restore the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

For all the explained above, AEGEE:

Condemns in the strongest terms possible the use of violence against civilians in Ukraine as a means of warfare and the attempts to eradicate the Ukrainian national identity. 

Condemns in particular the suffering brought to young people all across Ukraine, from children forcibly separated from their parents, to destroyed schools and young people’s stolen hopes and dreams.

Demands that European governments and the EU continue providing all necessary support to Ukraine, especially in terms of financial and humanitarian assistance.

Applauds the strength and resilience of our Ukrainian locals who keep the vision of a democratic and united Europe alive, even in the darkest of times.

Hopes for a genuinely peaceful future for both Ukraine and Russia despite the long and difficult road to get there.

#StandWithUkraine

Sources:

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133737

https://www.oecd.org/ukraine-hub/policy-responses/the-ukrainian-refugee-crisis-546ed0a7/

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/02/upending-putins-russia-ukraine-myth/

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-qc-situation-ukraine-i-have-decided-proceed-opening

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/24/ukraine-putin-referendums/

https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2023/feb/21/a-year-of-war-how-russian-forces-have-been-pushed-back-in-ukraine