Sustainability is part of AEGEE’s core values and it is part of our strategic plan to work towards a society that respects planetary boundaries in the fight against climate change. In this statement we want to highlight the agreements that have been reached during the 28th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties, COP 28, that was held in Dubai from November 30th to December 12th of 2023 and to raise awareness on the decisions that affect the future on Earth and whose effects might be irreversible. Thereby, we think it is important to express our opinion with regards to it.

A COP is an annual conference that takes place since 1995 and it is the supreme decision-making body from the UN Framework of Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) 1. In the conference the ratifying states or parties are represented, and they assess the effects of the measures implemented by the convention. At this COP, key climate change issues were discussed such as the first stocktake on the progress of the Nationally Determined Contributions, NDC goals of the Paris Agreement, the implementation of the loss and damage fund established in COP27, the phase out of fossil fuels before 2050, the increasing of climate finance, innovative economic strategies, and working towards adaptation. All of this, in the warmest year on record 2 and with an increasing trend on natural disasters over the last decades 3.

One of the main outcomes and achievements of COP 28 is the agreement of countries on the need to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems 4. However, there is no obligation for countries to take any specific action, there is no specific timescale and this agreement only aims at the energy supply, instead of the economy as a whole, thus disregarding other fossil intensive activities and products such as plastics or petrochemicals.

It is worth noting that fossil fuels are the main cause of global warming 5 and we are not on the way to achieve our goal of slowing the rise of temperature as shown by the first stocktake of COP Paris 2015 6, which settled to limit the rise of global temperature to 1,5 degrees higher with respect to the preindustrial times by the end of the century. But even so, progress has been made, since a commitment was made to triple the renewable energy capacity by 2030.

In the field of climate finance, wealthier nations have committed to pay 792M $ 7 to the loss and damage fund to help developing countries to treat climate change and the devastation effects of climate catastrophes. Although this is a start, it is hardly enough for the developing nations to deal with climate effects 8. Not to mention that it is not clear whether these pledges will be carried out and whether they will reach the people who really need them 9.

The need to address the implications that climate change has on health was referred to with the Health Day being held for the first time and the commitment of the Global North to pay 777M $ to combat neglected tropical diseases such as the river blindness and lymphatic filariasis 10. Besides the implementation of these funds, it was agreed to the replenishment of the Green Climate Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Adaptation Fund, and Special Climate Change Fund 11.

In AEGEE-Europe, we strive for sustainability and for a just and inclusive transformation of societies. We think there is room for improvement in the climate change conferences and we want to demand a stronger commitment to fight climate change.

A Climate summit should not be just greenwashing for nations and organisations but they must be fully committed to the agreements and do not put other interests that go against the fight on climate change first. An increase in transparency has been done yet there should be a clearer way to tackle the conflicts of interests that have been evident in this summit 12, where the COP president is the CEO of ADNOC, the United Arab Emirates’ state oil company, and the enormous presence of fossil fuel representatives and lobbyists with at least 2456 delegates, almost four times the number at COP 27, overtaking delegates from the most susceptible countries 13. Furthermore, hosting the COP in a non-democratic country, where human rights are not respected, discourages dissidence 14. Climate summits must work according to the common goals to preserve the climate, where fossil fuel companies should have a limited role, they should not influence climate policy since they can take advantage of that.

As stated by IPCC 15, it is urgent to transform the economy on a planetary level towards a circular model, based on the sustainability of all productive resources, and to change the consumption habits and lifestyle of the population, especially in developed countries. The unequal development in the different regions of the world has created the paradox that the ones that most carry the burden of the costs of climate change are the ones that contributed less to creating it.

The transition cannot wait and should not rely on carbon capture techniques 16, which are costly technologies that are not yet fully developed and might fail at a large scale as a tool to mitigate climate change 17. They are only a strategy for fossil fuel companies to delay it and not to lose their profit and their hegemonic position while repositioning themselves in the new sustainable global market. So they should not be used as an excuse or distraction to phase out fossil fuels.

We consider the aforementioned betterments essential to be able to reduce the effects of climate change, although we fully support any actions that can help us preserve the environment and do not compromise the future on earth, and we fully embrace any step that can lead to a sustainable society.

Sources

https://www.cop28.com/en/

https://unfccc.int/news/cop28-agreement-signals-beginning-of-the-end-of-the-fossil-fuel-era

https://climate.copernicus.eu/record-warm-november-consolidates-2023-warmest-year

https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-natural-disaster-events

https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop

https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/cop-climate-change-conference

https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/12/1144742

https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/global-what-happened-at-cop28-essential-need-to-knows/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67143989

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-67704098

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/12/09/climate-change/cop28-oil-gas-presence/

https://kickbigpollutersout.org/articles/release-record-number-fossil-fuel-lobbyists-attend-cop28

https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop28-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-dubai/

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/international-summit/2023/12/01-02/

https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/tackle-climate-change/climate-change-stories/cop-climate-change-conference/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67508331

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67581277

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-67701412

https://www.who.int/news/item/02-12-2023-over-40-million-health-professionals-demand-bold-health-and-climate-action-at-cop28

https://www.who.int/news/item/04-12-2023-global-partners-pledge-usd777-million-to-combat-neglected-tropical-diseases

https://healthpolicy-watch.news/first-ever-cop28-health-day-unfolds-amidst-uproar-over-cop-presidents-fossil-fuel-remarks/

https://prospect.org/environment/2023-12-12-cop-28-uae-climate-change-flop/

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/09/1217970348/what-it-means-for-an-oil-producing-country-the-uae-to-host-un-climate-talks

https://www.npr.org/2023/12/07/1217504214/a-record-number-of-fossil-fuel-reps-at-cop28-climate-talks

https://www.ciel.org/news/475-carbon-capture-lobbyists-at-cop28-exposes-fossil-fuels-grip/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67607289

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/activists-protest-against-fossil-fuel-industry-cop28-climate-summit-2023-12-05/

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/what-are-loopholes-cop28-climate-deal-2023-12-14/

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67701544

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-64723497

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67679734

https://www.nrdc.org/bio/joe-thwaites/cop-28-climate-fund-pledge-tracker

https://www.greenclimate.fund/news/cop28-green-climate-fund-reaches-record-funding-level

https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/who-is-pledging-climate-finance-cop28-how-much-2023-12-06/

https://unfccc.int/topics/introduction-to-climate-finance

https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/what-you-need-know-about-cop27-loss-and-damage-fund

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/global-cop28-agreement-to-move-away-from-fossil-fuels-sets-precedent-but-falls-short-of-safeguarding-human-rights/

https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/29/cop28-opens-un-should-take-uae-task

https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/11/24/repressive-state-activists-raise-concerns-about-surveillance-and-arrest-at-cop28

https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/what-is-carbon-capture-and-storage/

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/figures/summary-for-policymakers/figure-spm-7/

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-cycle/

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter6.pdf

https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-sixth-assessment-on-how-to-tackle-climate-change/

https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/SR15_Chapter2_Low_Res.pdf

https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/the-truth-about-carbon-capture/

https://ieefa.org/resources/carbon-capture-crux-lessons-learned

https://www.globalwitness.org/en/blog/carbon-capture-oil-lobby-cop28/

https://www.globalwitness.org/en/press-releases/world-cannot-meet-climate-targets-relying-carbon-capture-and-storage/

Disclaimer: Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

This is a war of choice. Russia decided to invade Ukraine because it denied the Ukrainian people the right to make their own decisions about the political future of their country. Evidence of the actions of Russia’s military forces in Ukraine have caused the International Criminal Court to open an investigation against Russia into crimes against humanity, including war crimes.

The defensive efforts of Ukrainian forces have brought the Russian advances to a grueling halt and led to liberations in other areas. Still, Russia has brazenly annexed four regions of Ukraine in a PR-exercise marketed as referendums and continues to occupy roughly 17% of Ukraine’s territory. However, no vote could feasibly be organized within the time frame of a few days, nor could a free and fair vote be guaranteed under Russia’s hostile occupation. 

We, as young Europeans, believe that it is therefore right and just that all Ukrainian territories, as recognized under its 1992 constitution, be returned to Ukraine in order to protect the lives of civilians and restore the territorial integrity of Ukraine.

For all the explained above, AEGEE:

Condemns in the strongest terms possible the use of violence against civilians in Ukraine as a means of warfare and the attempts to eradicate the Ukrainian national identity. 

Condemns in particular the suffering brought to young people all across Ukraine, from children forcibly separated from their parents, to destroyed schools and young people’s stolen hopes and dreams.

Demands that European governments and the EU continue providing all necessary support to Ukraine, especially in terms of financial and humanitarian assistance.

Applauds the strength and resilience of our Ukrainian locals who keep the vision of a democratic and united Europe alive, even in the darkest of times.

Hopes for a genuinely peaceful future for both Ukraine and Russia despite the long and difficult road to get there.

#StandWithUkraine

Sources:

https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133737

https://www.oecd.org/ukraine-hub/policy-responses/the-ukrainian-refugee-crisis-546ed0a7/

https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/02/upending-putins-russia-ukraine-myth/

https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-qc-situation-ukraine-i-have-decided-proceed-opening

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/24/ukraine-putin-referendums/

https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2023/feb/21/a-year-of-war-how-russian-forces-have-been-pushed-back-in-ukraine

IDAHOBIT was established in order to raise awareness about the discrimination, violence and other forms of oppression LGBTQI+ people face on a daily basis around the world and to motivate people to take action against such kinds of behavior.

On the 17th of May 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) decided to remove homosexuality from the International Classification of Diseases and thus taking an imporant step towards addressing the stigma and inequalities LGBTQI+ people have been historically facing.

The increasingly worrying trend against LGBTQI+ that individual European member states have been showing, for example Poland with LGBTQI+ free zones, has been causing very strong concerns to human rights’ organisations internationally. Rights for which we have been fighting for decades now, such as the rights of freedom of speech and expression, of assembly and participation, of equal access to employment, education and health systems and many more, are nowadays put into question. The European Parliament has showed their will to set the example against such unacceptable cases of discrimination by a symbolic resolution declaring the EU as an ‘LGBTIQ Freedom zone’ in March 2021, which AEGEE warmly welcomes.

AEGEE-Europe is committed to the work towards more equal rights for all young people in Europe and around the world, and contributing to the fight for social equality and equity. We call upon all AEGEE locals and AEGEEans to be the example in their societies by joining the IDAHOBIT local and international actions, by continuing to contribute in the fight against structural discrimination and in general ensuring for more equal rights of all young people by mainstreaming diversity, intersectionality and inclusivity in all areas of our work. As LGBTQI+ people have been standing up for equal rights for decades now, so do we remain committed to striving for more inclusive societies and #foryouthrights.

Sources:

1. International classification of diseases: https://www.who.int/…/classi…/classification-of-diseases

2. The Paradox of Poland’s LGBT-Free Zones:  https://balkaninsight.com/…/neither-in-nor-out-the…/

3. EU resolution on the LGBTIQ Freedom zone: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/…/parliament-declares…

In January 2020 Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, commented: “People need to be at the very centre of all our policies. My wish is therefore that all Europeans will actively contribute to the Conference on the Future of Europe and play a leading role in setting the European Union’s priorities. It is only together that we can build our Union of tomorrow.” We strongly supported that vision. 14 months later, we are witnessing a different scenario.

The Union of tomorrow can not be built by substantially cutting the Conference duration, from two years to just around 9 months. The EU institutions called for an inclusive, interactive and broader process. This goal is impossible to be achieved in such a short time, even without the consideration of how complicated it will be in the upcoming months to hold large-scale in-person events that are considered “an essential part of the Conference”.

The governance structure of the Conference we have been presented with seems to be unnecessarily complicated and can lead to another deadlock, especially due to the requirement of consensus for all decisions of the Executive Board. This poses a number of threats to the progress of the Conference and it’s follow up, potentially an outcome no one will be satisfied with in the end, and we cannot help but wonder if this is truly the best way to go.

Moreover, the outcomes of the Conference are still vague, which raises the concern of it being a mere exercise for the citizens, with no intended value or impact. We deeply believe the goals of the Conference, and the consequent follow up, should be clearly defined. The proposals presented during the Conference must be transformed into constructive reforms and policies and the commitment of the institutions to this process shall be clearly visible already now. Only then can the citizens commit to the cause as well. Additionally, any treaty changes should not be ruled out and proposals for these should be based on the citizens input.

These last arguments directly look at the progressive solutions that can be achieved through an ambitious Conference. Especially in these tough times, it is needed to reflect on how the Union can make its next step, even more united when called to face the current challenges (Pandemic response, economic recovery, green transition) and the future ones that might arise.

We have also witnessed how the impact of Covid19 pandemic has been massive and tragic in the European continent and beyond.

As healthcare systems remain primarily a responsibility of the Member States, the European Union has had limited space and power to act and provide unitary solutions that could support even further the response to the Pandemic. Other instruments, like Next Generation EU, are, on the contrary, leading the way for an actual spirit of solidarity, a founding pillar of the Union. It is specifically after having seen how serious and long-lasting these emergency situations can be that we can not accept a step back from the initial ambitions for the Conference.

While discussing future developments, only the current Member States will have a chance to express their concerns, put forward the ideas and engage in dialogue with the representatives of the key EU institutions. Shaping the draft of the functioning of the European Union for the upcoming ten years should also involve officials from countries, which are currently engaged in accession negotiations under the Enlargement Process.

Effective foreign policy is one of the most pressing issues to be addressed by the Conference. European Union should be an example for all countries, international institutions and other actors on how to implement laws, respect each other’s rights and freedoms, and cooperate for the common good.

Strengthening the relations between the EU and the Southern Neighbourhood and Eastern Partnership countries is needed, as well as building bridges with other Middle Eastern and African states. Those regions are in need of development assistance, guidance, COVID-19 pandemic support and, most importantly, peace initiatives. By joint efforts, we should be able to hinder terrorist activities, eliminate human trafficking, cope with the humanitarian crisis and stop the spreading of civil wars and unrests in the region. Only then we can assure peace and stability for all Europeans.

Nonetheless, we welcome the inclusion of young people in the general European citizens’ panels to be held all around Europe, as a more concrete signal of the opportunity for younger generations to shape the outcomes of the entire process. Consequently, we call on Member States to respect this principle for the national panels they have the freedom to organize, ensuring a true diversity and representation of all citizens, in terms of geographic origin, age, gender, socio-economic background. It is paramount, that the youth representation is significant in all the panels, despite their constant structural underrepresentation and that we are provided an equal chance. The EU has been attempting to strengthen their bond with the European youth since multiple years, creating and following the principles of the EU Youth Dialogue. The Conference on the Future of Europe is an exquisite chance for the institutions to follow their own words – “Europe cannot afford wasted talent, social exclusion or disengagement among its youth. Young people should not only be architects of their own life, but also contribute to positive change in society.”

The civil society, including youth organisations, in the EU but also in those countries which are candidates or potential candidates to become members of the Union, are ready to take on this challenge, to effectively ensure a bottom-up effort for the future of Europe. Yet we demand a process that is democratic, transparent and meaningful. A process where everyone is included and everyone’s voice is heard.

IWD is an opportunity for all of us to not only commemorate and raise awareness on women’s rights and equality, but also to consider how we are generally contributing individually and collectively to a more equal Europe and world. It is an opportunity to take action, to march and to strike for the abolishment of the gender pay gap, for equal representation of women in political systems, for making offline and online spaces safer for everyone. As with every social change, the change has to start from society and in this particular case the role of education is vital, especially with civic education.

Last year, we celebrated the 25th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Especially in the middle of a world pandemic, women’s rights have been widely and disproportionately affected. According to the 2020 report of the UN Secretary General, the impact of COVID-19 and the global pandemic on women has been immense, deepening pre-existing inequalities in regards to the economic independence of women, their employment conditions and opportunities, the impact to their health (both physical, mental and emotional health) and an extremely worrying increase in gender-based violence. The global pandemic is developing everyday, but so is gender inequality and inequity.

Equal rights are a value that we, AEGEEans, have been striving for, as it embodies the ideals of a democratic, diverse and borderless Europe. Let’s all commemorate today the 110th anniversary of IWD not only by sharing a post on social media to raise awareness on the day, but more importantly by reflecting on our everyday behavior, by changing our mindset and by taking more actions to advance in practice womens’ rights and empowerment in our societies. As young people and active citizens, it is in our hands to change both ourselves and the society we live in with small steps everyday. These small steps will bring us each time closer to a more equal and inclusive Europe that we can proudly call home.

Demonstrations in Russia were coupled with solidarity protests around the world in cities of Berlin, Prague, London, the Hague, Copenhagen, Melbourne, Tokyo and others.

On the 28th of January, The Russian court rejected Navalny’s appeal against his arrest and ruled to keep him in custody. Consequently, it has been reported by international sources that more than 5000 demonstrators – a record number since 2011 – demanding Navalny’s release and measures against state corruption were arrested by Russian security forces on the 31st of January. On the 2nd of February, the Russian court sentenced Navalny to two and half years in prison, which resulted in more protests. Human Rights Watch reported numerous incidents of police brutality, detentions of journalists, and the opening of criminal cases against protesters. The events surrounding the protests led to the call for “courtyard” protests on the 14th of February instead of the traditional gatherings, using the hashtag #LoveIsStrongerThanFear in English and Russian. Furthermore, on the 14th of February human chains were made in support of the spouses of detained protesters.

Young people participating in rallies remain especially vulnerable, as they reportedly face the threat of expulsion from state universities, colleges, and schools if they are noticed attending Navalny protests. Other sources also report popular social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram deleting posts inciting young people to join the demonstrations due to the government censorship.

We as AEGEE stand for free democracy, where every person has the right, freedom, and space to voice their opinions and participate in the political area. We abhor non-transparent juridical systems and unlawful arrests. Finally, we believe in the necessity of the right to free assembly, to gather peacefully, to hold meetings, to have rallies, and to demonstrate.

AEGEE stands for and with the citizens of Russia who are lawfully and peacefully protesting. We endorse the statement of YFJ and call upon the Russian government to:

• Stop the use of force against peaceful protesters
• Release all prisoners detained for political reasons or as part of peaceful demonstrations
• Guarantee a fair and transparent juridical process for every citizen
• Stop threatening the students and staff of state universities, colleges and schools with expulsion.

Sources:

• “Putin’s Palace” https://youtu.be/ipAnwilMncI
• Freedom of assembly in the Russian Federation is granted by Art. 31 of the Constitution adopted in 1993
• Statement from the European Youth Forum; https://www.youthforum.org/russia-must-respect-rights-peaceful-protesters
• https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/18/kremlin-critic-navalny-rushed-to-court-hearing-after-arrest
• https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/28/russian-court-rejects-navalnys-appeal-allies-detained
• https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2021/1/28/more-than-3000-arrested-in-pro-navalny-protests
• https://apnews.com/article/vladimir-putin-moscow-arrests-europe-russia-56e06f50eab494213d09346a5d9b4e69
• https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-kaliningrad-navalny-activist-expulsion-youth-protests/28615010.html
• https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/22/russia-crackdown-ahead-pro-navalny-protests#
• https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/31/europe/russia-navalny-protests-intl/index.html
• https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/01/31/russia-police-double-down-detaining-protesters
• https://meduza.io/feature/2021/01/23/mitingi-za-navalnogo-proshli-vo-mnogih-stranah-mira-tam-nikogo-ne-zaderzhivali-i-ne-bili
• https://www.newsru.com/world/23Jan2021/abroad_navalny.html
• https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/01/22/social-media-platforms-delete-russian-posts-promoting-navalny-protests-state-censor-a72701
• https://www.npr.org/2021/01/24/960113653/social-media-fueled-russian-protests-despite-government-attempts-to-censor?t=1612275376397
• https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-navalny-court-1.5897347
• https://www.dw.com/en/russia-navalny-supporters-hold-valentines-day-protests/a-56565484
• https://twitter.com/hashtag/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0
• https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/14/navalny-supporters-to-defy-kremlin-and-hold-candelit-protests-russia

However, this approach is technically impossible according to more than 450 encryption experts (2)(3), having as implications that Digital Rights of citizens from inside and outside of the European Union would be violated.

In a cyber context, Digital Rights refer to fundamental human rights, among them: freedom of expression, right to privacy, legal rights when using electronic devices, and many other more (4). Digital Rights are guarding our democracy and enable secure communication of individuals, civil society, activists, public services, and companies.

Moreover, software is not bound to any region and consequently the regulation would affect the whole world. A lack of encryption would result in various negative consequences for different actors in our interconnected society:

• Europe would no longer count as “safe harbour” for human rights including freedom of speech;
• Companies would find it hard to guard trade secrets (e.g. recent steal of COVID-19 vaccine data would increase (6));
• Investigative journalists would be highly endangered;
• Critical infrastructures would be of higher risk of being hacked;
• Digital technology such as autonomous driving or Internet of Things devices would be more susceptible to being hacked.

Security experts claim that every backdoor will diminish the security and will eventually be able to be used by people with malicious intent (2). No digital system can be claimed as being completely secure, as these systems become increasingly complex, software is always evolving, and finally there is always the human factor. This resolution however, would force companies to add a known risk into their system.

Also, given the vague nature of the resolution, it does not clearly define who exactly “competent authorities” will be, nor does it offer how the new legal framework will ensure that such power won’t be abused by those authorities that don’t stand for human rights.

Because “If privacy is outlawed, only outlaws will have privacy” (5), AEGEE-Europe, representing thousands of young people in Europe, stands behind more than 450 IT security experts (2)(3) and demands:

• Safeguard Digital Rights within the EU;
• Stop weakening encryption which will weaken the EU’s cyber security & encryption;
• But rather: Strengthen encryption with an uncompromising right to encryption which includes:
  • Encryption shall be standard not an exception;
  • Ban of weakening of software security;
  • Obligation to communicate software security leaks.

Sources:

1. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-13084-2020-REV-1/en/pdf
2. https://sites.google.com/view/scientists4crypto/
3. https://www.globalencryption.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020-Breaking-Encryption-Myths.pdf
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights
5. https://www.philzimmermann.com/EN/essays/WhyIWrotePGP.html
6. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ema-cyber/hackers-steal-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine-data-in-europe-companies-say-idUSKBN28J2Q7